History of Ecuadors San Francisco De Quito

The city of San Francisco de Quito (generally simply called Quito) is the capital of Ecuador and the second-largest city in the nation after Guayaquil. It is centrally located on a plateau high in the Andes Mountains. The city has a long and interesting history dating from pre-Colombian times to the present. Pre-Colombian Quito Quito occupies a temperate, fertile plateau high (9,300 feet/2,800 meters above sea level) in the Andes Mountains. It has a good climate and has been occupied by people for a long time. The first settlers were the Quitu people: they were eventually subjugated by the Caras culture. Sometime in the fifteenth century, the city and region were conquered by the mighty Inca Empire, based out of Cuzco to the south. Quito prospered under the Inca and soon became the second most important city in the Empire. The Inca Civil War Quito was plunged into civil war sometime around 1526. Inca ruler Huayna Capac died (possibly of smallpox) and two of his many sons, Atahualpa and Huà ¡scar, began to fight over his empire. Atahualpa had the support of Quito, whereas Huà ¡scars power base was in Cuzco. More importantly for Atahualpa, he had the support of three powerful Inca generals: Quisquis, Chalcuchima, and Rumià ±ahui. Atahualpa prevailed in 1532 after his forces routed Huà ¡scars at the gates of Cuzco. Huà ¡scar was captured and would later be executed on Atahualpas orders. The Conquest of Quito In 1532 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro arrived and took Atahualpa captive. Atahualpa was executed in 1533, which turned as-yet unconquered Quito against the Spanish invaders, as Atahualpa was still much beloved there. Two different expeditions of conquest converged on Quito in 1534, led by Pedro de Alvarado and Sebastià ¡n de Benalcà ¡zar respectively. The people of Quito were tough warriors and fought the Spanish every step of the way, most notably at the Battle of Teocajas. Benalcà ¡zar arrived first only to find that Quito had been razed by general Rumià ±ahui to spite the Spanish. Benalcà ¡zar was one of 204 Spaniards to formally establish Quito as a Spanish city on December 6, 1534, a date which is still celebrated in Quito. Quito During the Colonial Era Quito prospered during the colonial era. Several religious orders including the Franciscans, Jesuits, and Augustinians arrived and built elaborate churches and convents. The city became a center for Spanish colonial administration. In 1563 it became a Real Audiencia under the supervision of the Spanish Viceroy in Lima: this meant that there were judges in Quito who could rule on legal proceedings. Later, administration of Quito would pass to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in present-day Colombia. The Quito School of Art During the Colonial era, Quito became know for the high-quality religious art produced by the artists who lived there. Under the tutelage of Franciscan Jodoco Ricke, the Quitan students began producing high-quality works of art and sculpture in the 1550’s: the â€Å"Quito School of Art† would eventually acquire very specific and unique characteristics. Quito art is characterized by syncretism: that is, a mixture of Christian and native themes. Some paintings feature Christian figures in Andean scenery or following local traditions: a famous painting in Quito’s cathedral features Jesus and his disciples eating guinea pig (a traditional Andean food) at the last supper. The August 10 Movement In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain, captured the King and put his own brother on the throne. Spain was thrown into turmoil: a competing Spanish government was set up and the country was at war with itself. Upon hearing the news, a group of concerned citizens in Quito staged a rebellion on August 10, 1809: they took control of the city and informed the Spanish colonial officials that they would rule Quito independently until such a time as the King of Spain were restored. The Viceroy in Peru responded by sending an army to quash the rebellion: the August 10 conspirators were thrown in a dungeon. On August 2, 1810, the people of Quito tried to break them out: the Spanish repelled the attack and massacred the conspirators in custody. This gruesome episode would help keep Quito mostly on the sidelines of the struggle for independence in northern South America. Quito was finally liberated from the Spanish on May 24, 1822, at the Battle of Pichincha: among the heroes of the battle were Field Marshal Antonio Josà © de Sucre and local heroine Manuela Sà ¡enz. The Republican Era After independence, Ecuador was at first part of the Republic of Gran Colombia: the republic fell apart in 1830 and Ecuador became an independent nation under first President Juan Josà © Flores. Quito continued to flourish, although it remained a relatively small, sleepy provincial town. The greatest conflicts of the time were between liberals and conservatives. In a nutshell, conservatives preferred a strong central government, limited voting rights (only wealthy men of European descent) and a strong connection between church and state. Liberals were just the opposite: they preferred stronger regional governments, universal (or at least expanded) suffrage and no connection whatsoever between church and state. This conflict often turned bloody: conservative president Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno (1875) and liberal ex-president Eloy Alfaro (1912) were both assassinated in Quito. The Modern Era of Quito Quito has continued to slowly grow and has evolved from a tranquil provincial capital to a modern metropolis. It has experienced occasional unrest, such as during the turbulent presidencies of Josà © Marà ­a Velasco Ibarra (five administrations between 1934 and 1972). In recent years, the people of Quito have occasionally taken to the streets to successfully oust unpopular presidents such as Abdalà ¡ Bucaram (1997) Jamil Mahuad (2000) and Là ºcio Gutià ©rrez (2005). These protests were peaceful for the most part and Quito, unlike many other Latin American cities, has not seen violent civil unrest in some time. Quito’s Historic Center Perhaps because it spent so many centuries as a quiet provincial town, Quitos old colonial center is particularly well-preserved. It was one of UNESCOS first World Heritage sites in 1978. Colonial churches stand side-by-side with elegant Republican homes on airy squares. Quito has invested a great deal recently in restoring what locals call el centro historico and the results are impressive. Elegant theatres such as the Teatro Sucre and Teatro Mà ©xico are open and show concerts, plays and even the occasional opera. A special squad of tourism police is detailed to the old town and tours of old Quito are becoming very popular. Restaurants and hotels are flourishing in the historic city center. Sources: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Various Authors. Historia del Ecuador. Barcelona: Lexus Editores, S.A. 2010

The American Of The Civil Rights Movement - 1886 Words

From slavery to the Civil Rights Movement, the African American community has faced hardships, discrimination and prejudice based on their position in the racial hierarchy in the United States. Although the melting pot called the American population has learned to coexist in the twenty first century, the African American community continues to face these problem even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress prohibiting discrimination of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, not to mention the countless lives that were sacrificed during civil rights demonstrations for those natural rights every human being should have. We now see the African American community facing another similar problem: its youth, especially young black men, have been shot or harmed by â€Å"police and vigilantes† (Garza) all over the United States for reasons that seem to be less than bullet proof. The outrage that surrounding the death of Trayvon Martin and the controversy aro und it sparked the â€Å"birth of a new civil rights movement† (Day) ‒ the Black Lives Matter Movement. This movement is rather different and certainly unique when compared to its its precursors in its message, purpose, and tactics. This movement has used various tactics to encourage support for their cause through the use of direct action, political slogans, and social media. Black Lives Matter: The Beginning â€Å"This ain’t your granddaddy’s civil rights movement,† ―that’s how Joyce Jones, a writer for BETShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement And The American Civil Movement958 Words   |  4 Pages The Civil Rights Movement, also known as the American Civil Rights Movement and other names, is a term that encompasses the strategies, groups, and social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968Read MoreThe American Civil Rights Movement1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil Rights Movement is personified through several prominent personalities. 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Cool Cymru Essay Example For Students

Cool Cymru Essay This gave the impression of Wales as a country with a strong past but very little future. The projected image of the nation was that it was growing old and had no jobs or opportunities for its youth to sustain a future. In the 1990s things really started to turn around. Attention had been drawn away from the minors and Wales was but a shadow of its former self. A new generation of disenchanted youth emerged without knowing who they are or what they were about. Most of their influences were based upon the Anglo-American imports. This lack of definable Welsh influences inspired many of them in much the same way that countless generations of Welsh poets had been inspired before to release their feeling of disappointment in their country. The kids were driven to vent their frustration in a way that popular modern culture would recognise. They utilised the strong literary tradition of Wales in their own music, putting into words and the national conscience the plight of everyday people. Its not where youre from, Its not where youre at, Its not where youve been, Its where youre between. (Super Furry Animals, The International Language of Screaming) Libraries gave us power Then work came and made us free What price now For a shallow piece of dignity? (Manic Street Preachers, A Design for Life) Though there was this evolution within the Welsh borders, the change was not really felt outside of the country and the general view of Wales and its people remained that of the stereotypical Rugga Bugga Miner On a Britain-wide scale, there was resurgence in cultural definition, spearheaded through the entertainment industries. A series of successful films, musicians, actors and models from the British Isles kick-started a populist movement in once again being proud of the country that you live in. For the rest of the 1990s Britpop, Britart, Britfilm and Britfood was used to define the leading edge of popular culture and taste. However Cool Britannia as was to become branded and known, really didnt cover the whole of the UK, as few Welsh, Scots or Irish people were associated with it. To them it was an English phenomenon that didnt cross borders. The occurrence of Cool Britannia was seized by the recently elected New Labour government in 1997. They held a reception in Downing Street for Tony Blair to meet ambassadors of the movement and to show how cool the government was. For Wales it held no real interest, it was just another centralised English thing. Wales was not represented by any of the guests and failed to really be a part of proceedings. By now there was a real campaign for Wales to be realised as a separate entity with its own needs and agenda that couldnt really be truly represented from the centralised government in London. The failed campaign of the seventies for devolution was resurrected and finally realised after a vote in 1998. It was this that gave the country new hope and was backed up by the mirroring of the Cool Britannia phenomenon. Wales was suddenly thrust under the media spotlight and there were many people ready to show what they were about. Emissaries such as the Manic Street Preachers and Catatonia who had been on the music scene in the UK for years were rediscovered and with their heightened success, proclaimed pride at their heritage, kick-starting a positive young cultural movement. As with Cool Britannia it was not just the musicians who epitomised the change. Successful Welsh people in the spotlight of every vocation came together to show solidarity under the welsh flag, even those who had long since deserted the homeland suddenly found renewed pride in their culture. Catherine Zeta Jones was just one of the community held up as a national symbol, for being young, extremely successful and internationally recognisable. With this new national pride in all things Welsh, the media jumped on the bandwagon and proclaimed the wonder Cwl Cymru (Cool Cymru). The greatest figureheads for the early Cool Cymru movement were probably the bands that emerged at the time. .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .postImageUrl , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:hover , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:visited , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:active { border:0!important; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:active , .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d5e8521d4f8d6ef04d9d4f409fbaf1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Web DuBois Argumentative EssayTheir achievement is magnified when you consider the past 50 years of popular music. Prior to this time there had been a number of Welsh success stories but they are spread thinly over the 50 years. With the advent of Cool Cymru there were suddenly a significant number of great bands that were not only appearing but regularly topping them. Through these bands the Cool Cymru phenomenon found its early focus. Nowadays, with the advent of the lottery and its charitable funding, there has been afforded more ambitious plans for welsh theatre.

K-Mart Chapter 11 an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

K-Mart Chapter 11 by Expert Marvellous | 16 Dec 2016 A Chapter 11 bankruptcy allows a business, Kmart in this case, to attempt to stay in business while a bankruptcy court supervises the reorganization of the companys obligations. With chapter 11, the court can grant either partial or complete relief from the companys current debts and contracts allowing the company to attempt to make a fresh start. What happens often if the companys debts exceed their assets, the companys owners or stockholders will receive nothing. The companys creditors would then end up with ownership of the company once it reorganizes (U.S., 2007). Need essay sample on "K-Mart & Chapter 11" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Kmart had been struggling for awhile with sluggish sales and competition with Wal-Mart and Target. Kmart was hoping the holiday season of 2001 would improve their financial situation and held off filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to see how much financial improvement they would see after the holidays. However, they were to have a disappointing end-of-year holiday season which didnt help their situation. Kmart failed to pay its top food provider, Fleming Companies Inc. $78 million (Kmart, 2002). Therefore Fleming Companies only left the perishable items it was delivering to Kmart and didnt unload the rest of K-Marts shipment. Students Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. I want to spend time with my girlfriend Professional writers propose: Original Essays For Sale Buy Written Essays Do My Online Classes For Me Write My Essay Online Reviews Kmart then began closing its weakest stores. Kmart Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 22, 2002 in the United States Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern pision, Docket No. 02-02474 (Kmart, 2002). Its stock plunged nearly 60% on this day and their stocks closed at 70 cents. Kmart chose the Chapter 11 bankruptcy route hoping it would buy the company enough time to get the company reorganized and hopefully on the road to visibility by 2003 (Buy, 2002). Kmart listed its assets when filing for bankruptcy to be $16.3 billion, with $10.3 billion in total debts (CNN, 2002). This figure makes Kmart the largest the largest retailer to declare bankruptcy. This filing wasnt at all surprising to analysts at the time who had been predicting Kmart would file for bankruptcy. Kmart has been making almost $40 billion a year in sales. As of the end of 2001 Kmart had approximately 275,000 employees in its 2,105 stores. The restructuring affected over 60,000 employees and about 1,000 management personnel (Iwata, 2002). Kmart had announced that it will fund its turnaround with the $2 billion senior secured debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing it secured in financing from J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, General Electric Capital Corp., Credit Suisse First Boston and Fleet Retail Finance Inc (Kmart, 2002). Although the financing was subject to bankruptcy court approval, it helped Kmarts cash flow while Kmart went through the process of restructuring (Kmart, 2002). By mid-January 2002, ratings agencies downgraded Kmarts credit, Kmarts stock plunged and its stock was removed from Standard s benchmark index of 500 leading stocks. Kmart is the largest retailer in history to seek court protection from creditors (Kmart, 2002). The U.S. Trustee which represents the bankruptcy arm of the Justice Department, appointed committees to represent the interests of Kmarts creditors and stockholders to work with Kmart in developing a reorganization plan that would allow them to get out of debt (World, 2002). They had to create a plan that would be acceptable to Kmarts creditors, bondholders, stockholders while at the same time confirmed by the court. However, the court has the power to disregard the vote of Kmarts creditors and stockholders and confirm Kmarts plan if the court finds that the plan treats creditors and stockholders fairly. Once Kmarts reorganization plan is confirmed, another more detailed report which must contain a summary of the reorganization plan must be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 8-K. Sometimes a company attaches a copy of its complete reorganization plan (U.S., 2007.) Not surprising, stock of companies in Chapter 11 is considered to be extremely risky and can lead to financial loss. In the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission webpage, it states, although a company may emerge from bankruptcy as a viable entity, generally, the creditors and the bondholders become the new owners of the shares (U.S., 2007). Wall Street analysts felt the Chapter 11 filing was a good move for Kmart since it ended weeks of speculation of the companys future and allowed Kmart to repair its relationships with vendors, making itself more competitive (CNN, 2002). Chapter 11 bankruptcy allows the filer, or in this case Kmart to re-organize its business while attempting to become profitable. Although Kmart continues to run its day-to-day business operations, the bankruptcy court must approve all of the companys significant business decisions. Kmarts securities can continue to be traded even after it files for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. There currently is no federal law that prohibits trading of securities of companies in bankruptcy. Kmart continued to honor all credit cards, gift certificates and store credits. Because Kmarts pension and savings plans are independent of Kmart, the company said they would continue to be administered as usual (CNN, 2002). Kmarts vendors, suppliers and business partners will be paid under normal terms for all goods and services they provide to Kmart during its reorganization. According to Hoovers Handbook of American Business, Kmart has been difficult to turn around (Hoovers 2007). Kmart has since had numerous reorganization efforts, new store concepts, expanded selections of merchandise while adjusting its pricing strategies. However, it is still struggling to remain competitive with Wal-Mart and Target and a rather weak economy. Since finally for bankruptcy, Kmart closed over 283 stores resulting in over 22,000 job losses (Hoovers, 2007). Kmart is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Sears Holdings Corporation (Nasdaq: SHLD) (K-mart, 2007). Looking at statistics on a Hoovers Business website, Kmarts annual income statements from 2004-2006 reflects a company that isnt seeing any substantial growth or losses. Some of the latest news on Kmart is that they have a agreed to a gift-card fee refund program (Kmart, 2007) as part of its settlement with the Federal Trade Agency. The FTC had earlier charged Kmart with deceptively engaging in deceptive practices in marketing and selling its gift cards. Apparently when customers attempted to use the cards after 24 months, a charge of $50.40 was deducted from the amount on the card (K-Mart, 2007). A report put out on financial performance of Sears holdings stated that their net income and sales for the fourth quarter of 2006 and their fiscal year ending February 3rd, 2007 stated both their net income and sales were up. Sears holdings net income $820 million while their fiscal year net income was $1.5 billion. The company attributes the rise in net income and sales to improvements in the operating incomes of Kmart and Sears domestic. They also reported that slowdown in the housing market and competition in the U.S. market affected sales of both Kmart and Sears. Reviews John: I'm asked to "where can I write my essay for 12 hours" and find the best answer at EssayLab.com References Hoover's Handbook of American Business 2007. Austin, Tex: Hoover's Business Press, 2006 "Kmart files Chapter 11. CNNMoney. 22Jan2002. CNN. 3 Apr 2007. http://money.cnn.com/2002/01/22/companies/kmart>. "K-Mart files Chapter 11." The Daily Texan Online. 23Jan2002. World & Nation. 5 Apr 2007 . Kmart files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Michigan Daily. 23 Jan 2002. Kmart to refund gift-card fees. CNNMoney. 15 Mar 2007 "Reorganization Under the Bankruptcy Code." U.S. Courts. 2007. U.S. Courts. 2 Apr 2007 . Russell, Nancy. World Socialist. 26Jan2002. Accessed 4Apr2007 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Security and Exchange Commission. 2007. 3 Apr 2007 http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/bankrupt.htm.